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概要
The CS110 is used for lightning warning applications and in research applications for measuring the local electric field. It measures the vertical component of the atmospheric electric field at the earth's surface. The CS110 sensor is typically part of a larger electric-field system. It includes an integrated CR1000 datalogger, and so can be expanded with the addition of other sensors and peripherals.
Note: For a complete system that uses the CS110 Electric Field Meter Sensor, refer to the LW110 Lightning Warning System page.
続きを読む利点と特徴
- Low power consumption
- Senses potential for lightning, providing warning before lightning strikes
- Easy maintenance—stator easily removed for cleaning
- Extensive diagnostic self-checking for each measurement reduces or eliminates scheduled maintenance
- Rugged construction
- SG000 Strike Guard can be used in conjunction with our CS110 to create a complete lightning-threat measurement and analysis system
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詳細
The CS110 uses a reciprocating shutter instead of the traditional rotating vane field mill. The reciprocating shutter is electrically connected to ground potential by a flexible stainless-steel strap. The strap operates below its fatigue limit, resulting in an ultra-reliable electrical ground connection to the shutter.
The reciprocating approach provides better low-frequency error performance than the traditional rotating vane field mill because it has a convenient zero-field (closed shutter) reference. The zero-field reference allows the CS110 to measure and then correct for electronic offset voltages, contact potentials, and leakage currents of each individual measurement (Patent Pending).
The CS110 also contains circuitry to measure and compensate for insulator leakage currents occurring on the charge amplifier input, eliminating measurement errors caused by fouled insulators. If insulator surfaces become conductive because of surface contamination, a leakage current compensation circuit applies an equal and opposite polarity current to the charge-amplifier input that prevents saturation of the electronics.
Warranty
The CS110 has a one year warranty against defects in materials and workmanship. Campbell Scientific does not warrant that the CS110 will meet customer’s requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error-free.
Atmospheric or local electric field conditions or different site characteristics may cause false information, late data, or otherwise incomplete or inaccurate data. The CS110 only measures conditions that make lightning more likely. Just as with weather forecasts, the CS110 measurements only help assess the probability of lightning. Lightning can occur causing personal injury, even death, or damage to property without any warning from the CS110.
Campbell Scientific is not liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages from the use, failure, or malfunction of the CS110. A full statement of the CS110’s Warranty is contained in the CS110 Manual.
仕様
| -NOTE- | An embedded CR1000M datalogger module (ordered as pn 18292) is required for every CS110 purchased; see Common Accessories section on Ordering Information page. |
| CE Compliance Standards to which Conformity Is Declared | BS EN61326:2002 |
| Lightning Protection | Multi-stage transient protection on all external interfaces |
| Power Requirements | 11 to 16 Vdc |
| Baud Rates | Selectable from 300 to 115.2k bps |
| ASCII Protocol | One start bit, one stop bit, eight data bits, no parity |
| Operating Temperature Range |
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| Operating Relative Humidity | 0 to 100% RH |
| Mounting | Vertical pipe with outer diameter of 1.91 to 6.35 cm (0.75 to 2.5 in.) |
| Communication Ports |
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| Dimensions | 15.2 x 15.2 x 43.2 cm (6 x 6 x 17 in.) |
| Weight | 4 kg (9 lb) |
Current Drain |
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| Peak Current Demand | 750 mA (occurs during motor operation) |
| Average |
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Accuracy |
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| -NOTE- | Refer to the sensor manual for resolution, sensitivity, and noise specifications. |
| Parallel-Plate Configuration | ±1% of reading + 60 V m-1 offset |
| 2 m CM110 Tripod Configuration | ±5% of reading + 8 V m-1 offset |
互換性
| IMPORTANT! An embedded CR1000M datalogger module (ordered as p/n 18292) is required for every CS110 purchased; see Common Accessories in ordering information. Generally, the CS110 should be run with the latest released CR1000 operating system (OS) available via "Support" on this website. However, CR1000 OS version 27.05 should NOT be downloaded to standard CS110s. OS version 27.05 was built to accommodate the ~40,000 v/m efields measured on ocean buoys. The special OS also requires a capacitor change on the CS110 panel board. The CS110 should not be run with OS 28 (CR1000.Std.28.obj). A bug in OS 28 prevents changing the setup "Constants" via the keyboard or the terminal emulator. |
Data Logger Considerations
The internal CR1000M (required) can be interfaced to another data logger via the Power/SDM cable if the application requires an additional data logger.
Programming
The CR1000’s on-board programming language, CRBasic, provides data processing and analysis routines that support user control over sample (measurement) rates and setting of alarm conditions. LoggerNet Datalogger Support Software facilitates programming, communications, and data retrieval between the CS110 and a PC.
Using the CS110 as a Weather Station
The CS110 has sealed connectors for attaching meteorological sensors and three digital control ports for controlling external devices and/or triggering alarms. The embedded CR1000 datalogger measures the sensors, processes the measurements, stores the data in tables, and can initiate communications.
Compatible Sensors
| Connector Label | Compatible Sensors (one sensor per connector) |
| Temp/RH | HMP60-L4-C Vaisala Temperature and RH Probe (RH sensing element is field replaceable.) |
| Wind | 05103-L4-C RM Young Wind Speed/Direction |
| Solar | CS305-ET Apogee Pyranometer, CS100 Setra 278 Barometer (barometer connects to the CS110 via the 17460 cable; barometer is typically housed in the LW110 enclosure), GPS16X-HVS Garmin GPS Sensor |
| Rain | TE525-L25-C Texas Electronics rain gage or TB4-L25-C HS Hyquest Solutions rain gage |
Compatible Communication Devices
Communication options compatible with the embedded CR1000 include direct connect, Ethernet, phone modems (land-line and cellular), radios, short haul modems, GOES satellite transmitters, and multidrop modems.
Zero Electric Field Cover
The 17642 Zero Electric Field Cover (ordered separately) is used to check the electric field offset voltage of the CS110. If the measured electric field is ≥|60 V/m| with the Zero Electric Field Cover on, then inspection and cleaning of the electrode surfaces is recommended.
SG000 Strike Guard Lightning Sensor
The SG000 (ordered separately) can be used in conjunction with our CS110 to create a complete lightning-threat measurement and analysis system. This system combines the advantages of two complementary lightning-warning technologies. The SG000 reports actual lightning strikes occurring at distances up to 20 miles—providing a comfortable warning time for incoming storms. The CS110 reports electric fields associated with local thunderstorm development—providing a warning prior to lightning strikes.
ダウンロード
CS110 Example programs v.1 (3 kB) 05-05-2020
A CS110 weather station program and a CS110 transfer standard site calibration program. The weather station program measures electric field, rainfall, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, relative humidity, air temperature. The calibration program measures panel temperature, battery, internal relative humidity, and electric field.
よくある質問
CS110に関するよくある質問の数： 7
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When programmed as a “Slow Antenna” sampling at 100 Hz, the CS110 would provide polarity information but not actual current flow in the wire; therefore, Campbell Scientific does not recommend using a CS110 for this purpose.
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The following information can help determine the effective range (spatial range) of the CS110:
- Thousands of miles: When there are no clouds in the sky, the CS110 responds to what is called the fair weather electric field created by the “global electric circuit.” Thunderstorms worldwide transfer charge to the upper atmosphere, which comes down worldwide as an electric field that varies from roughly -100 to -200 v/m on flatland sites. Our customers have indicated that the fair weather electric field is enhanced by high terrain. Interestingly, there are daily and seasonal changes to this global electric circuit.
- 20 miles: Lightning strikes in thunderstorms as far as 20 miles away are discernable in the fair weather electric field from a flatland site. The strikes show up as sharp changes in the electric field followed by a more gradual recovery. It is unknown if the distance is greater on a high ridgeline.
- 5 to 7 miles: When charged clouds are within five to seven miles, they can positively or negatively change the electric field above or below the fair weather electric field. Even when the actively producing cloud-to-ground lightning portion of the storm is 20 miles away, an anvil cloud from that storm that comes within five to seven miles of the CS110 will change the electric field measured by the CS110. Think of clouds attached to an active thunderstorm as electrical conductors. Even anvil clouds that were once part of a thunderstorm that has since dissipated will hold their charge for a significant period.
- A mountain between a charged cloud and the CS110 will block the electric field influence that the cloud would have had on the CS110.
For more information on this topic, refer to the “Cumulonimbus” section (section 3.2) of the book Lightning: Physics and Effects by Vladimir A. Rakov and Martin A. Uman.
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The CS110 uses the same gas discharge tubes, etc., so it provides similar surge protection as the CR1000. The ground paths are different, although both are intended to provide a good ground path through the ground lug on the wiring panel and the case ground hardware on the CS110.
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CS110 とタワーは、タワーの高さの 3 倍の距離を離して設置する必要があります。
無線信号が十分に強い場合、SG000 は雷を検出するために SG000 が測定する 2 つの要素の 1 つとして無線信号を誤って検出する可能性があります。この信号がフロントガラスまたはヘッドライトの閃光と一致すると、誤った落雷信号が生成される可能性があります。また、十分に強い RF 信号が SG000 に継続的に照射されると、センサが静止状態にならず、電流の消費に影響します。これにより、最終的にバッテリが劣化し、予想される 4 年の寿命が短くなります。
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SG000 への落雷をシミュレートするには、カメラのフラッシュを使用して、ガラスの電球を 5.08 ～ 7.62 cm (2 ～ 3 インチ) の距離からフラッシュします。注: 携帯電話のフラッシュは通常、落雷をシミュレートするには十分な明るさではありません。
CS110 で高電界をシミュレートするには、髪に櫛を通し、CS110 のシャッターから 2.54 ～ 5.98 cm (1 ～ 2 インチ) の距離に置きます。ビニール袋や風船、ガラスに付けた毛皮などの他のアイテムも使用できます。
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FC100 は、SG000 Strike Guard 雷センサと通信するために必要です。SG000 は、CS110 電界センサおよび LW110 雷警告システムのオプションです。
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The CS110 Electric Field Sensor, and field mills in general, are referred to as induction probes because the applied electric field induces charge onto sense electrodes. The amount of charge induced by a given field depends on the voltage at which the sense electrode is at.
Normally, it is most convenient to ground the instrument, making the sense electrode at earth ground potential when measuring the vertical component of atmospheric electric field at the surface of the earth. This is because the instrument then appears to be an extension of the earth ground. For example, in a flush-mounted upward-facing configuration with the instrument earth grounded, the imaginary electric field lines will terminate on the instrument as if it were an extension of the earth ground. Negligible field distortion occurs at the instrument aperture, as if the instrument were not present. This configuration mimics the parallel plate factory calibration done on the instrument and is why a flush-mounted upward-facing configuration is used for site correction of inverted and elevated configurations.
The instrument can be connected to other voltage potentials besides ground, or left electrically floating, although the measured results will differ because of the change in voltage between the instrument and the source of charge generating the electric field of interest. The closer the instrument voltage potential is to the voltage of a source of charge generating an electric field to be measured, the less there is an induced charge on the sense electrode. For example, if an induction probe was placed next to, and facing, a large conductive sheet that was at some voltage with respect to earth ground, and a voltage of the instrument was varied by means of a connection to the CS110 ground lug, it would be possible to adjust the instrument voltage until zero charge was induced on the sense electrode from the nearby sheet. For this to occur, the voltage applied to the induction probe would need to equal the voltage applied to the large conductive sheet mentioned. This approach can be used to determine the voltage of the sheet and is referred to as a non-contacting voltmeter. The CS110, or any induction probe for that matter, can operate as a non-contacting voltmeter with the addition of the adjustable supply.
ケーススタディ
CS110 電界計は、地球の晴天時の電位勾配のカーネギー曲線を再現します。 INESC TEC は、海洋境界層における宇宙大気海洋相互作用 (SAIL) プロジェクトの一環として、ポルトガル海軍と共同で、サグレス スクール シップの装備を支援しています。この船は、大気電気と気候変動に関する先駆的な研究を可能にする真の科学実験室へと変貌を遂げつつあります。 Campbell Scientific は、INESC TEC が地球表面の大気電界の垂直成分を測定できるように電界計センサーを供給しました。計画されている 1 年間に及ぶ世界一周航海で収集された地球物理学的データにより、科学者は気候変動や大気汚染の増加が地球全体の電気回路に与える影響を研究することができます。また、データは長期的な気象モデルに情報を提供し、将来の気候傾向をより正確に予測することもできます。 カーネギー曲線 カーネギー曲線は、地球の晴天時の大気電界の毎日の周期を広く表しています。清浄な空気では、測定位置に関係なく、世界時に従う平均的な毎日の変動を示します。 カーネギー曲線は、大気電気測定を現在でも比較するための基準変動を提供するため重要です。これは、地球上のさまざまな気象擾乱地域に関連する大気帯電の昼間の変動に起因すると考えられています。 ミッション この航海の科学的目的の 1......続きを読む
2016 年 3 月 14 日、欧州宇宙機関 (ESA) は、火星環境の調査を目的としたエクソマーズ計画の最初のミッションを開始しました。この最初のミッションには、大気中の微量ガスを検出して調査するための機器を搭載したトレースガスオービターと、着陸地点の環境を調査するためのセンサーなどを搭載したスキアパレリと呼ばれる着陸実証モジュールが含まれています。 スキアパレリの科学ペイロードには、DREAMS (火星表面の塵の特性評価、リスク評価、環境分析装置) パッケージが含まれています。DREAMS は、着陸地点の温度、湿度、気圧、塵の不透明度、風速、風向など、現地の気象条件を測定する小型気象観測所です。また、火星の大気の電気的特性の測定も行います。これは、史上初のことです。 DREAMS の主任研究者は、イタリアのナポリにある INAF（カポディモンテ天文台）のフランチェスカ・エスポジトです。砂塵嵐、砂嵐、砂塵の舞い上がりなどの塵埃現象の際の帯電の影響を詳細に研究するため、フランチェスカのチームは 2013 年から......続きを読む
The Professional Golfers’ Association Tour (PGA Tour) of America contracted with Schneider Electric to provide......続きを読む
Lightning strikes are a serious concern for school officials who are responsible for protecting the......続きを読む
Lightning kills about 40 people a year in the highland areas of Peru. This startling......続きを読む
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